well there are two things i can think of... not sure if either of them would work for your situation.
First you could try using the home automation software HomeSeer (
www.homeseer.com) they have great phone integration... and you could tie in other events when someone calls, like send you an e-mail, or run a program. Homeseer allows you to pretty much do anything you want using scripts, I’m sure you could find a way to take the caller ID info and put it into a database....
the second solution i can think of is a Microsoft product... its a wireless phone that you hook into your computer, that would not serve you much purpose, but the software that came with the phone did many things that you seem to be trying to do. i don’t think they make the phone anymore, i had it about 3 years ago, and don’t have it anymore. but you could try a search